After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two problems relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

Due to the loss of life and damage to surface and underground structures, stabilization of trenches in order to control and stabilize landslides is very important. In the current study, the effect of the implementation of the pile has been analyzed to increase the stability of the trench under the impact of the earthquake. Therefore, a trench with 45° angle which reinforced by the pile, was analyzed with variable parameters, including the diameter of the pile (D) that was with a 0.9m diameter and other pile with 1.5m diameter, the buried length of the pile (L) was 10m and 15m. The space between the piles (S) to each other was implemented by three sizes; 0.3m, 4.5m and 0.6m, and the implementation of the pile with five forms on the span of the trench was analyzed to study its different behavior under seismic conditions. The results showed that with increasing the diameter of the pile and the implementation of the pile, the horizontal displacement of the span of the trench reduces 25% to the normal state. In addition, with an increase in the length of the pile, the level of the subsidence is 24 to 30 percent lower than the normal state.

In today’s society, pipelines as vital arteries play a significant role in maintaining people’s peace and satisfaction. According to growing developments in societies, the necessity of constructing, refurbishing, repairing, and maintaining underground installations such as petrol pipelines, gas, water, wastewater, runoffs, and connections is considered as the indispensable part of civil and installation operations. Regarding problems stemming from the Open trench excavation methods and growth of underground installations, using trenchless technologies in the construction industry is increasing in order to solve the problems more economically and effectively. The present project aimed at recognizing and ranking the most important effective factors in accepting the trenchless technology in Iran. This research has a practical target and has been performed by the survey and the describing method. The statistical population of this research includes middle managers, contractors, and civil projects engineers of Isfahan province. In this regard, a sample of 87 people was randomly selected and the questionnaire was distributed among them. Eventually, a total of 68 questionnaires were collected with favorable consistency. This questionnaire has been designed by the investigator according to the Likert scale with high stability. Accordingly, the factors were grouped in the form of 28 criteria and 8 major groups as the effective factors on accepting the trenchless technology in Iran. Descriptive and inferential methods and the Friedman test were used to rank the effective factors, and the SPSS software was applied to analyze the data. Among the 8 major groups of executive management, environmental, demographics, technology, economically, project productivity (construction management), organizational, and individual had the first to the 8th rank, respectively. In addition, control system, risks, environment, budget, chief executive officer (CEO), special and geographical performance, and direct costs ranked the top among the 28 factors.

Dynamic compaction in urban areas has great potential to damage nearby structures and their occupants due to induced vibrations. One common approach to keeping these vibrations in a safe range is installing a barrier crossing the wavefronts. Previous studies have largely focused on evaluating the effectiveness of trench barriers in reducing continuous vibrations, while the efficiency of boreholes as an alternative approach with a lower volume of excavation has not been thoroughly investigated. This study uses ABAQUS software to compare the efficiency of borehole and trench barriers in reducing vibrations induced by the dynamic compaction (DC) process using a 3D model validated by in-field study results. The study uses a row of hollow boreholes with varying diameters, depths, and center-to-center distances located at a fixed location from the tamping point to investigate the efficiency of borehole barriers based on their geometrical parameters. Open trenches with varying lengths, depths, and distances from the tamping point are also used for comparative investigations. The results indicate that the trenches have overall better performance than borehole barriers, However, properly designed boreholes can still reduce vibrations to an acceptable extent. Finally, the study presents design guidelines for further practical applications.

Excavation of trenches by blasting is an important application of explosives. The number of pipeline trenches blasted during the recent years has increased in many countries. However, excavation of narrow trenches by blasting has had limited application. The intention of this study was to assess the feasibility of shallow and narrow trench excavation in rock media by blasting. One major application of narrow trenches is the placement of fiber optic communication cables. This paper presents the results of a blasting research work on construction of such channels. As a result of this work, a channel, 40 cm in width and 90 cm in depth, was excavated successfully. The specific charge used varied between 1.66 - 2.89 kg/m3 using gelatin dynamite as explosive charge. The initiation devices were of short delay Nonel, electric detonators (instantaneous and half second), and detonating cord (5gr/m & 10gr/m). The nominal burden was 50Cln and the effective burden was 43.8 cm. The blast hole spacing and sub drilling were 48 cm and 20 cm, respectively.

Nowadays, duo to mining and construction activities' progression, the need to utilize blasting has been increasing in order to reduce time and cost. The use of blast for drilling and crushing rock, in addition to its advantages, has disadvantages, the most important of which is ground vibration. Vibration caused by the blast is an important and significant part of the blast process and controling its amount in order to reduce possible damage to the surrounding areas, is always necessary. In this paper, the field data of the blast in the second line of the Tabriz water pipeline project have been collected using three-component Blast Recorder seismographs. By modeling the process of blast in ANSYS-Autodyn finite element software, the behavior of the blast zone environment is simulated. The average of numerical modeling errors compared to field surveys is estimated at about 20%. According to the numerical modeling, the most critical state of velocity entering the pipeline is less than the allowable blast standards near the pipeline, and the maximum stress, strain, and displacement in the boundary of pipe and soil are equal to 17.24 MPa, 135 μmm /mm, and 0.18 mm, respectively.

One may say that The Open Society and Its Enemies (OS) offered in 1945 the first complete elaboration of the general approach proposed by Karl Popper, namely his ‘critical rationalism’, a bold generalization of the fallibilist falsificationism in the domain of the empirical sciences masterly proposed in Logik der Forschung (1934). The political content of The OS has been critically discussed. Nevertheless, not all people insist on the equally important moral dimension of the book, giving it its unity, I submit. Without morality, no critical discussion, no reason, no Open society, let us say in a nutshell. I would argue that according to Popper, a strictly Christian morality of love would not be the appropriate emotional companion of critical rationalism, but that the less demanding moral emotion of sympathy or compassion is perhaps necessary to give it its force against violence. I give some support to this line of argument. In my view, Popper proposed a somewhat unarticulated critical rationalist ‘emotivism’ of sorts. The emotion of compassion is necessary for triggering our moral decisions and values, which are the ultimate basis of the choice for a reason against violence.